Onderneming Société Générale Société anonyme Borsa Italiana

SG Option Europe SA operates as an investment company. It provides investment services, including reception and transmission of orders on behalf of investors; execution of orders on behalf of investors; dealing for its own account; investment advice; undertaking; guaranteed placing; and non-guaranteed placing services in France. The company is headquartered in Paris, France.

SG Americas Securities LLC (SGAS) is the securities broker/dealer subsidiary of SG Americas Securities Holdings LLC, which in turn is owned by Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE) in France. Headquartered in New York City, SGAS offers capital markets and securities services for retail and institutional clients.

Kleinwort Benson (UK) Trustees Ltd. is located in the UK. Part of Société Générale SA, Kleinwort Benson (UK) Trustees Ltd. is a British company that provides business support services.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Mortgage Securities LLC is a mortgage and American loan brokerage company. The company is located in the US.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Americas, Inc. is an American company that provides international commercial banking services. The company is located in the US.

Société Marseillaise de Crédit SA provides commercial banking services. The company was founded in 1865 and is headquartered in Marseille, France.

Crédit du Nord SA engages in offering a day-to-day banking service in English for international clients in France. It provides financial services except insurance and pension funds. The company was founded in 1760 and is headquartered in Lille, France.

Sogécap SA specializes in life and non-life insurance services. It offers individuals and corporate clients savings and personal protection products through its distribution channels. The company is headquartered in Paris, France.

Genefim SA provides real estate brokerage services. The company is headquartered in Paris, France.

Société Générale Private Wealth Management SA (SGPWM-LU), is the wholly-owned Luxembourg-based subsidiary of Société Générale Bank & Trust, itself a subsidiary of Société Générale SA (PA: GLE, ADR: SCGLY) in France. Formerly known as Société Générale Bank & Trust (Luxembourg), the firm was established in 1893 by SOGENAL (Société Générale Alsacienne de Banque) and operates as the Luxembourg branch of the parent group's worldwide private banking division. SGPWM-LU provides private banking services including financial engineering and access to an open architecture structure. They manage discretionary accounts and offer investment advisory services. The firm's clientele is international and includes high-net worth individuals, corporate clients (including regional and multinational groups) and institutions such as insurance and reinsurance companies, asset managers and European Union bodies.

Banque Tarneaud SA provides general banking and financial services. The company's services include short, medium and long term credit facilities, personal loans, savings accounts and mortgages. It was founded on 1809 and is headquartered in Limoges, France.

Parcours SAS provides vehicle leasing services. It leases cars for private use and other utility vehicles for industrial and personal use. The firm sells and distributes second-hand cars. It offers maintenance, repairs, and other related services. The company was founded in 1989 and is headquartered in Nanterre, France.

SG Kleinwort Hambros Bank Ltd. (Kleinwort Hambros) is the Great Britain-based wealth management arm of Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE) in France. Formerly known as SG Hambros Bank & Trust Ltd., they became SG Hambros Bank Ltd. in 2007 when Hambros Bank acquired the London private banking business of ABN AMRO Bank NV. In 2017, the firm changed their name to SG Kleinwort Hambros Bank Ltd., following the purchase of Kleinwort Benson by Societe Generale Private Banking Hambros (SGPB Hambros) in June 2016, and its subsequent merger with SGPB Hambros. Headquartered in London, Kleinwort Hambros was founded in 1969 and offers a wide range of wealth management services to individuals, families, entrepreneurs, trusts and charities.

Société Générale de Banques au Cameroun provides banking services. Its services include money transfer, credit cards, savings, borrow and insurance. The company is headquartered in Douala, Cameroon.

Banque Rhône-Alpes SA engages in the provision of banking and financial services. It offers private banking solutions and services includes cash management; investment banking; international trade and financial engineering. The firm's financial products include credit card and insurance. The company was founded in 1988 and is headquartered in Lyon, France.

ALD AutoLeasing D GmbH provides automotive leasing and fleet management services. The company was founded in 1968 and is headquartered in Hamburg, Germany.

Société de Bourse Gilbert Dupont SNC is engaged in providing brokerage services in financial markets. The company was founded in 1992 and is headquartered in Paris, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, Fiditalia SpA is an Italian company that provides consumer credit services. The company is based in Milan, Italy.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Securities Services SA is a company based in Luxembourg, Luxembourg. SGSS offers its customers, financial institutions and brokers, management companies, insurers and businesses, solutions adapted to their needs. SGSS provides financial institutions and brokers, asset managers and insurers, and corporates with a full range of securities services adapted to the latest market trends. Jeanne Flament Duvoux has been the CEO of the Luxembourger company since 2006.

Part of Axus (UK) Ltd., ACR Ltd. is a British company that specializes in building design, project management, consultancy, facilities management, and drone services. The company is based in Northampton, UK. With over 50 years of experience and expertise, they offer a range of services from building design to property maintenance and facilities management. ACR was acquired by Axus (UK) Ltd. from Quays Group Plc on August 01, 1998 for $23.66 million.

Part of Société Générale SA, GEFA BANK GmbH is a financial institution that offers comprehensive financing concepts for sales promotion as well as investment products for manufacturers and dealers. The company is based in Wuppertal, Germany. The German company provides financing solutions, extensive industry expertise, and complementary services and investment products for private and corporate customers. With their financing solutions, object insurances, and investments, they support customers with their individual projects. The company was founded in 1949. The CEO is Jochen Jehmlich.

SG Kleinwort Hambros Trust Company (UK) Ltd. is based in London, UK. Part of Société Générale SA, SG Kleinwort Hambros Trust Company (UK) Ltd. is a British company that owns and operates shopping centers. SG Kleinwort Hambros Trust Company (UK was acquired by Shaftesbury Plc, part of Shaftesbury Capital Plc from March 03, 2023 on March 01, 1999 for $44.92 million.

Part of MCB Group Ltd., Banque Francaise Commerciale Ocean Indien is a French commercial bank based in Saint Denis, France. The French company offers a range of banking services and products for individuals, professionals, and companies, including savings accounts, loans, insurance, and payment solutions. Banque Francaise Commerciale Ocean Indien is also part of the French Mutualist Bank and offers student loans guaranteed by the state. The company has agencies and free banking services available in Reunion and Mayotte.

Part of Société Générale SA, Banque Laydernier SA is a bank based in Annecy, France. The French company provides banking services to individuals, professionals, and businesses. Banque Laydernier was acquired by Crédit du Nord SA from Crédit Lyonnais SA on October 01, 1996 for $14.71 million.

ALD Automotive Ltd. offers fleet management and long-term vehicle leasing solutions for both corporate and consumer markets. Its solution include vehicles, support services, funding solutions, market sectors, ALD apps, tools, user guides and vehicle support. The company was founded in 1958 and is headquartered in Fishponds, the United Kingdom.

SG Structured Products, Inc. offers investment banking, asset management, financial strategy and consulting services. The company is headquartered in New York, NY.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Marocaine de Banque SA is a brokerage services provider based in Casablanca, Morocco. The Moroccan company provides brokerage services. The CEO of the company is Jerome Jacquier.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Securities (HK) Ltd. is a Chinese company that provides brokerage services. The company is based in Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Andrew Au has been the CEO of the company since 2015.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Algérie SpA is a business credit institution. The company is based in Birkhadem, Algeria. Société Générale Algérie was acquired by Société Générale SA on June 04, 2004.

SG Financial Services Holding SA is engaged in providing financial services. The company was founded on December 20, 1982 and is headquartered in Paris, France.

Founded in 1928, SG Investment Ltd. is a subsidiary of Platinum L.P. Guernsey Ltd. Based in London, UK, the company offers an integrated model across the origination-structuring-distribution chain. The British company supports their clients over time, during expansion phases and their more challenging periods alike, by providing a full range of solutions suited to their needs.

Societe Generale Banka Montenegro AD operates as a financial institution that provides banking services. It offers retail banking services, such as current, transaction, and foreign currency accounts, and loans, including pensioner, non-cash consumer, refinancing, renovation, car and housing loans. The firm also provides services to corporate, and small and medium enterprises including domestic payment accounts and operations, non residential accounts, and international payment accounts and operations, short-term and business loans, factoring and trade finance, demand and term deposits. The company was founded in 1906 is headquartered in Podgorica, Montenegro.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Australia Holdings Ltd. is a mortgage and Australian loan company. The company is based in Sydney, Australia.

The bank, based in Hamburg, Germany, operates with customers and partners throughout the country. Over the years, Hanseatic Bank has expanded its customer base and product range, which now includes deposit business, insurance, receivables management, and consumer loans. The bank is known for its credit cards with innovative services for customers and cooperation partners. Part of Société Générale SA, Hanseatic Bank GmbH & Co. KG is a consumer credit institution that was founded in 1969. In 2005, Société Générale acquired 75 percent of the shares from Otto (GmbH & Co KG) for $248.11 million, while the Otto Group continues to hold 25 percent.

Société Générale Private Banking (Suisse) SA engages in providing investment advice services. The company was founded in 1897 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

Part of Société Générale SA, Komercní pojištovna as is a Czech company that provides insurance services. The company is based in Prague, Czechia. Stephane Corbet has been the CEO of the company since 2011. Komercní pojištovna was acquired by Sogécap SA from Komercní banka as on August 01, 2005 for $19.20 million.

Part of Société Générale SA, ALD Automotive Ukraine LLC is an Ukrainian company that provides vehicle fleet leasing services. The company is based in Kiev, Ukraine. ALD Automotive Ukraine was acquired by ALD SA on February 21, 2006.

Banque Courtois SA provides banking services. The firm serves to the individuals, heritage, professionals, enterprises and institutions. The company is headquartered in Toulouse, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, Modrá pyramida stavební sporitelna as is an international commercial bank. The company is based in Prague, Czechia. Michael Pupala has been the CEO of the Czech company since 2021. Modrá pyramida stavební sporitelna was acquired by Komercní banka as on October 13, 2006 for $180.04 million.

Société Générale Effekten GmbH issues debt securities, primarily warrants and certificates. The company was founded on November 29, 2004 and is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany.

Part of Société Générale SA, Societe Generale Asia Ltd. provides financial institutions with a complete range of services, including strategic advisory and financing, asset and liability management, and investment solutions. Based in Hong Kong, HK, Societe Generale Asia offers an integrated range of services to manage daily transactions for both corporate and financial institutions. The Chinese company's expertise ranges from corporate and investment banking to asset management, securities services, and specialized financial services. Hikaru Ogata has been the CEO of the company since 2010.

Part of Société Générale SA, Axus SA is a Belgian company that offers the first 100%% electric SUV from Jaguar, the I-PACE, designed for driving enthusiasts. The company is based in Brussels, Belgium. The text in the description has been translated from Dutch to English. The company was founded in 1946. Miel Horsten has been the CEO of the company since 2012.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Kleinwort Hambros Corporate Services (CI) Ltd. is a company based in St. Helier, UK.

Part of Société Générale SA, ALD International Group Holdings GmbH is an investment holding German company. The company is based in Hamburg, Germany. The CEOs are Tim Torben Albertsen, Karsten Rösel, Gilles Bellemere. The company was founded in 2006.

Part of Société Générale SA, Banque Kolb SA is a bank. The company is based in Mirecourt, France.

Part of ROSBANK PJSC, Rusfinance LLC is a Russian company that engages in issuing loans to individuals. The company is based in Moscow, Russian Federation.

Franfinance SA provides credit solutions. It offers loans and financial assistance service to retail partners, manufacturers, and distributors of equipment. The company was founded in 1999 and is headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, TIGRE SAS is a French company that provides engineering and technical services. The company is based in Segré-en-Anjou Bleu, France.

Société Générale Capital Partenaires SAS is a Private Equity firm, a subsidiary of Société Générale SA founded in 1973. Société Générale Capital Partenaires is headquartered in Puteaux.

BRD Asset Management SAI SA (BRD AM) is the Romania-based investment management subsidiary of BRD Groupe Société Générale SA, itself owned by Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE) in France. The firm was founded 2000 as SG BRD Asset Management SAI SA and became BRD Asset Management SAI SA in 2008. Headquartered in Bucharest, BRD AM offers diversified investment products to a wide range of investors.

BFV-Societe Generale provides micro finance services. The company is headquartered in Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Societe Generale Haussemann Asset Management Japan Co., Ltd. (SGH Japan) is a hedge fund manager headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Formerly known as Lyxor Asset Management Japan Co. Ltd., the firm was founded in 2007 and is a direct subsidiary of Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE) in France. SGH Japan provides advanced financial solutions through investment trusts and discretionary management agreements specialized in 3 areas: Alternative Investments, Quants & Structured Products and Index Tracking.

Part of Société Générale SA, SGSS Deutschland Kapitalanlagegesellschaft mbH provides fund management services. The company is based in Unterfoehring, Germany. Pascal Jacquemin has been the CEO of the German company since 2014.

PEMA GmbH operates as a manufacturer-independent commercial vehicle rental firm. Its services include maintenance, telematics, and further education. The company was founded in 1976 and is headquartered in Herzberg am Harz, Germany.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Hambros Bank (Channel Islands) Ltd. is a British commercial banking company. The company is based in St. Helier, UK.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale de Banques au Burkina is a banking company based in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The Burkinabe company provides banking services. The CEO of the company is Jean-Marc Mancel.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Luxembourg SA is a multi-expertise banking group located in Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Société Générale Luxembourg is a responsible bank committed to diversity and inclusion, contributing to sustainable and profitable development through positive impact finance and socially responsible investments. and has subsidiaries in Luxembourg. The Luxembourger company aims for excellence in offering customers unparalleled security, transparency, and expertise. Société Générale Luxembourg SA works closely with customers to structure innovative solutions for international development and achieving ambitions. The CEO of the company is Frédéric Surdon.

Part of Société Générale SA, Societe Generale International Ltd. is a financial services company based in London, UK. Societe Generale offers a range of services including corporate and investment banking, private banking, securities services, and specialized financial services. The British company's latest gender pay gap report is an opportunity to share their progress and hold themselves accountable. Societe Generale has been awarded by IJ, one of the most respected publications dedicated to the project and infrastructure finance space. The company was founded in 2005.

Part of Commerzbank AG, Commerz Pearl Ltd. is a British company that provides commercial banking services. The company is based in London, UK.

Part of Société Générale SA, Multigas S1015 SNC leases shipping vessels. The company is based in Puteaux, France.

SOGELIFE SA provides life insurance services. It offers tailor-made life insurance solutions for an international clients of individuals, distributed though private banking institutions, family offices and asset management firms. The company was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Luxembourg.

Part of Société Générale SA, Banco Societé Generale Brasil SA is a nationally chartered commercial bank based in São Paulo, Brazil. The Brazilian company operates as a commercial bank.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Equipment Finance Czech Republic sro is a finance and leasing company based in Prague, Czechia. The Czech company offers financial leasing, operational leasing, and subsidized credit for transportation and construction companies. SG Equipment Finance Czech Republic was acquired by Komercní banka as from Société Générale SA on May 05, 2011 for $110.80 million.

Part of Société Générale SA, Societe Generale China Co., Ltd. is a bank. The company is based in Beijing, China. The Chinese company was founded in 2008. The CEO is Xin He.

Temsys SARL provides software development services. The company was founded in 1982 and is headquartered in Cheval-Blanc, France

Franfinance Location provides banking and financial services. The company is headquartered in Nanterre, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, SGEF SA is a major player in the financing solutions industry. The company is based in Puteaux, France. The French company offers a full range of financing solutions, including operational leasing, rental-sale, loan, disposal of receivables, and insurance products. SGEF manages outstandings amounting to 24 billion euros and 10 billion euros in new business volumes thanks to its solid knowledge of the sectors of transport, industrial equipment, technologies, and medical and renewable energy. The CEOs of the company are Odile Marie Pierre de Saivre, Marie-Christine Ducholet.

Société Générale SFH SA operates as security brokers, dealers, and flotation firm. The company was founded on January 23, 2003 and is headquartered in Puteaux, France.

Société Générale de Banque aux Antilles SA provides banking service. It offers savings accounts, investment plans, loans, credit card, and other financial products. The company is headquartered in Pointe-a-Pitre, France.

Founded in 1983, SG Capital Developpement is a French fund management company that provides fund management services. Part of Société Générale SA, the company is based in Puteaux, France.

Compagnie Générale de Location d'Equipements SA provides loan services. It offers debt collection, auto, boat, and credit group financing. The company was founded in 1951 and is headquartered in Marcq-en-Barœul, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, Sogefimur SA provides financial services. The company is based in Paris, France. The CEO of the French company is Michel Douzou.

Part of Société Générale SA, Louis is a French company that offers a range of PC or laptop screen boosters called eBureau. The company is based in Puteaux, France, and the CEO of the company is Matthieu Duriez. These boosters have an elegant premium design, innovative ergonomics, and are made of 100%% eco-responsible materials. The company is ideal for providing more comfort and productivity in telework at home or at the office.

Part of Société Générale SA, the company is a clearing services provider based in New York, NY.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Securities Services SpA is a financial services company based in Milan, Italy. The Italian company provides financial institutions, brokers, asset managers, insurers, and corporates with a full range of securities services adapted to the late. Valeria Dal Corso has been the CEO of the company since 2023.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Capital Finance SAS functions as an investment holding French company.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Mauritanie SA is a banking company based in Nouakchott, Mauritania. The Mauritanian company provides banking services.

SG Securities Korea Co., Ltd. is the Korea-based broker/dealer subsidiary of Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE) in France. Headquartered in Seoul, the firm was founded in 2011 and offers securities services to corporate clients. They aim at being a truly client oriented, cross-asset, integrated global market platform that provides clients with a customized service and seamless access to worldwide markets across equities, fixed income (interest rate, credit) and currencies commodities as well as alternative investments.

Codeis Securities SA provides financial services. The firm specializes in asset portfolio management and security issuance services. The company was founded on February 27, 2008 and is headquartered in Luxembourg.

Treezor SAS provides payment and digital banking services. The company was founded on October 29, 2014 and is headquartered in Levallois-Perret, France.

Part of Société Générale SA, Genefinance SAS provides business administration. The company is based in Paris, France. The CEO of the French company is Charles-Emmanuel Pascal.

Société Générale de Promotion & de Financement Immobiliers SA provides real estate services. It offers renting, buying, selling and appraising real estate. The company is headquartered in Courbevoie, France.

SG 29 Haussmann SASU is an asset management firm headquartered in Paris, France. The firm was founded in 2003 and is a subsidiary of Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE). SG 29 Haussmann manages the assets of private clients as well as associations or foundations.

BRD Sogelease IFN SA engages in the provision of leasing services. It offers financing services in the field of passenger cars, light and heavy commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial, medical and agricultural vehicles, and real estates. The company was founded in July 2001 and is headquartered in Bucharest, Romania.

Part of Société Générale SA, Société Générale Financing & Distribution is a credit bank based in Luxembourg, Luxembourg. The Luxembourger company operates as a credit bank.

Part of Société Générale SA, SG Asia Holdings India Pvt Ltd. is a company founded in 1995 that aims to be a trusted partner for its stakeholders. The company is based in Mumbai, India and provides an integrated range of services to manage daily transactions for both corporate and financial institutions. Societe Generale's support of actions that have a positive impact on society is a key aspect of their mission.

Lyxor Asset Management LLC (Lyxor US) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and hedge fund manager headquartered in New York City. The firm was founded in 1999 as SG Cowen Asset Management, Inc. and changed their name to SG Asset Management Inc. in 2002. Effective September 2009, due to an internal reorganization within the Société Générale group, the firm changed their name to Lyxor Asset Management, Inc. In 2023, they changed their name to Lyxor Asset Management LLC when they were acquired by Wilshire Advisors LLC. Lyxor US provides investment advice to institutional clients typically through the Lyxor AM Funds, separately managed accounts.

Part of Société Générale SA, Societe Generale Financial Corp. is a company that provides financial related services. The company is based in New York, NY.

Part of Société Générale SA, Axus Nederland BV provides automotive financing and mobility management services. The company is based in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. The CEO of the Dutch company is Jeroen Kruisweg.

Societe Generale Global Solution Centre Pvt. Ltd. (SGGSC) is the wholly-owned, India-based broker-dealer subsidiary of Société Générale SA (EPA: GLE; OTCMKTS: SCGLY) in France. The firm is headquartered in Bangalore and was founded in 2000. SGGSC provides value-added solutions to its clients with its expertise in Global Markets and Structured Finance and also Cash Management and Trade Finance services. They serve both Indian corporates and financial institutions and global clients of Societe Generale, from Europe, US, Middle-East, Africa and Asia-Pacific, to develop their operations in India.

Part of ROSBANK PJSC, RB Leasing Ltd. is a Russian company that provides banking and financial services. The company is based in Moscow, Russian Federation.

Essox sro provides financial services. Its products include car financing, secure loan and credit cards. The company was founded in 1993 and is headquartered Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Part of Société Générale SA, ALD Automotive LLC is a company that provides car leasing and fleet management services. The company is based in Yuma, CO.

Part of Société Générale SA, KB Smartsolutions sro provides funding services to financial technology companies. The company is based in Prague, Czechia. The CEOs are Jirí Pribyl, Patrik Nový. The Czech company was founded in 2019.

Part of Société Générale SA, ALD Automotive Pvt Ltd. is an Indian company that provides car leasing services. The company is based in Mumbai, India.

LeasePlan Fleet Management NV/SA engages in leasing cars. It offers leasing for cars, vans, second hand car and information for drivers. The firm leases cars to small businesses to large multinationals. The company was founded in 1972 and is headquartered in Zaventem, Belgium.

Societe Generale Insurance OOO provides protection and insurance solutions. It offers healthcare insurance, protection for investors, account holders, car owners and bank card holders. The company was founded in 2006 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russian Federation.

Part of JSC Tsk, ALD Automotive OOO is a Russian company that provides vehicle leasing and fleet management services. The company is based in Moscow, Russian Federation. ALD Automotive was acquired by JSC Tsk from ALD SA on April 27, 2023.

Part of Société Générale SA, Fleetpool GmbH is a German company engaged in new car motor vehicle dealers. The company is based in Cologne, Germany. The company was founded in 2008 by Gert Schaub. Gert Schaub has been the CEO since 2008. Fleetpool was acquired by ALD SA on October 28, 2021.

PSA Finance Slovakia sro offers financial leasing and consumer loans for the purchase of new motor vehicles. The company is headquartered in Bratislava, Slovakia.

Part of Société Générale SA, Bastion European Investments NV is a real estate services provider. The company is based in Brussels, Belgium and was founded in 2005.

Part of Société Générale SA, Sogessur SA is a French full-service insurance company that offers a range of products and services to individuals, professionals, and businesses. The company is based in Rueil-Malmaison, France and has a distribution model that includes partnership agreements with actors outside the group. Sogessur is one of the four entities of Société Générale Assurances, along with Sogécap, Antarius, and Vie. With the expertise of its 3,000 employees, the company provides financial solidity, dynamic innovation, and a sustainable growth strategy to be the trusted partner of its customers.

SGB Finance SA provides financing solutions. The joint venture company is based in Marcq en Baroeul, France.

SG Issuer SA engages in the provision of investment services. It issues debt securities, bonds, certificates, warrants, and any other debt securities or acknowledgements of debts or financial securities. The company was founded on November 16, 2006 and is headquartered in Luxembourg.

BPF Financiranje doo provides financing services. The company is headquartered in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Part of SAS Rue la Boétie, Merrion Fleet Management Ltd. is an Irish company that offers long-term vehicle leasing and fleet management solutions. The company is based in Co Dublin, Ireland. The company was founded in 1999. David Wilkinson has been the CEO of the company since 2002.